Assessing the Physicochemical and Bacteriological Characteristics of Kwaangu Spring Water in Kulani District of Balanga Local Government, Gombe State, Nigeria

The objective of this study was to assess the physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of Kwaangu spring water in Kulani District of Balanga Local Government, Gombe State, Nigeria using appropriate standard procedures. The results showed that the appearance and colour of the spring water were satisfactory according to NSDWQ. The odour of the water was objectionable. Calcium and Magnesium hardness as well as the concentrations of Ca2+ (3.20mg/L), Mg2 (3.40mg/L), Fe (0.21mg/L), Zn (0.6mg/L), Cu (0.08mg/L) and Na (2.4mg/L) were within permissible limits set by NSDWQ and WHO. Concentrations of Chlorides (14.2mg/L), Fluorides (0.0mg/L), Sulphates (3.03mg/L), Phosphates (1.4mg/L), Nitrates (4.10mg/L) and Nitrites (0.08mg/L) were also within permissible limits. However, results of the analysis for Total Coliform (36) and E.coli (10) were far above permissible limits set by NSDWQ which are (10) and (0) respectively. The objectionable odour of the spring water along with the high concentrations of Coliform and E.coli imply that Kwaangu spring water is not safe for human consumption. It is recommended that the water should be treated for human consumption. It is also recommended that analysis of water from many other springs within the District should be analyzed to determine their suitability for human use.