This analysis finds new conditions for oscillation in differential equations, suggesting improved criteria for various nonlinear forms.
This paper analyzes the oscillation of the second-order neutral differential equation in noncanonical form <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"> <a:msup> <a:mrow> <a:mo>[</a:mo> <a:mrow> <a:mi>r</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">(</a:mo> <a:mi>t</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">)</a:mo> <a:msup> <a:mrow> <a:mo>(</a:mo> <a:msup> <a:mrow> <a:mo>(</a:mo> <a:mrow> <a:mi>x</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">(</a:mo> <a:mi>t</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">)</a:mo> <a:mo>+</a:mo> <a:mi>p</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">(</a:mo> <a:mi>t</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">)</a:mo> <a:mi>x</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">(</a:mo> <a:mi>π</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">(</a:mo> <a:mi>t</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">)</a:mo> <a:mo stretchy="false">)</a:mo> </a:mrow> <a:mo>)</a:mo> </a:mrow> <a:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <a:mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</a:mi> </a:mrow> </a:msup> <a:mo>)</a:mo> </a:mrow> <a:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <a:mi>α</a:mi> </a:mrow> </a:msup> </a:mrow> <a:mo>]</a:mo> </a:mrow> <a:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <a:mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</a:mi> </a:mrow> </a:msup> <a:mo>+</a:mo> <a:mi>k</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">(</a:mo> <a:mi>t</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">)</a:mo> <a:msup> <a:mi>x</a:mi> <a:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <a:mi>β</a:mi> </a:mrow> </a:msup> <a:mo stretchy="false">(</a:mo> <a:mi>η</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">(</a:mo> <a:mi>t</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">)</a:mo> <a:mo stretchy="false">)</a:mo> <a:mo>=</a:mo> <a:mn>0.</a:mn> </a:math> Using a combination of the linearization technique and the monotonicity properties of the neutral term, we derive new conditions for the studied equation to be oscillatory. Our findings provide new results applicable to linear, sublinear, superlinear, half-linear and other nonlinear forms of the studied equation, and moreover, for all these cases, the oscillation of the studied equation is attained via only one condition. Further, we illustrate the significance of our results with various examples, highlighting their superiority over known criteria in the existing literature.
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Ercan Tunç (2025) studied this question.
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