Development and Validation of an IMU Sensor-Based Behaviour-Alert Detection Collar for Assistance Dogs: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Assistance dogs have shown promise in alerting to epileptic seizures in their owners, but current approaches often lack consistency, standardisation, and objective validation. This proof-of-concept study presents the development and initial validation of a wearable behaviour-alert detection collar developed for trained assistance dogs. It demonstrates the technical feasibility for automated detection of trained signalling behaviours. The collar integrates an inertial sensor and machine learning pipeline to detect a specific, trained alert behaviour, two rapid clockwise spins used by dogs to signal a seizure event. Data were collected from six trained dogs, resulting in 135 la-belled spin alerts. Although the dataset size is limited compared to other machine learning applications, this reflects the real-world constraint that it is not practical for assistance dogs to perform excessive spin signalling during their training. Four super-vised machine learning models (Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, and SVM) were evaluated on segmented accelerometer and gyroscope data. Random Forest achieved the highest performance (F1-score = 0.65; accuracy = 92%) under a Leave-One-DOG-Out (LODO) protocol. The system represents a novel step toward combining intentional canine behaviours with wearable technology, aligning with trends in the Internet of Medical Things. This proof-of-concept demonstrates technical feasibility and provides a foundation for future development of real-time seizure alerting systems, representing an important first step toward scalable animal-assisted healthcare innovation.