Improving human trafficking investigation tactics based on situational theory: Russian experience and recommendations for Vietnam

The subject of this study is the investigation tactics of human trafficking, within the framework of applying the situational approach developed in Russian forensic science. Special attention is given to the theoretical foundations of forensic situology by Professor T.S. Volchetskaya and the practical experience of Russian law enforcement agencies. The analysis focuses on how the classification of typical investigative situations and corresponding tactical decisions can be adapted to Vietnam’s conditions to improve the effectiveness of detection, evidence, and prosecution of transnational crimes. The study examines the integration of scientifically based situational analysis methodology into Vietnamese investigative practice, considering legal system specifics, international cooperation, and victims’ roles as key participants in criminal proceedings. The methodology relies on situational theory, particularly the “situology” school established by the aforementioned researcher. Methods include situational and comparative-legal analysis, examination of investigative practices in Russia and Vietnam, and the use of statistical and qualitative data on interagency and international cooperation models in investigations. Results confirm the effectiveness of situational theory in classifying human trafficking stages (recruitment, transportation, exploitation), identifying typical investigative challenges (proof difficulties, victim non-cooperation, cross-border elements), and developing tactical responses. Russian experience shows that modeling investigative situations, personnel training, and implementing digital technologies (including AI and social media analysis) significantly enhance investigative efficiency. The conclusions are applicable to reforms of Vietnam’s Criminal Procedure Code (2025), investigator training, the creation of a model database, and the expansion of international cooperation. The scientific novelty lies in the first comprehensive systematization of situational approach application to human trafficking cases in Russia and in forming integrated recommendations for Vietnam. The study has theoretical and practical significance for strengthening capacity to combat transnational crime.