Nano-Encapsulation of Phytonutrients for Enhanced Therapeutic Potential: A Literature Review

Phytonutrients also referred to as phytochemicals are plant-derived compounds with effective health benefits which include anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties. However, their therapeutic efficacy and potency are frequently limited by low bioavailability, poor solubility, and rapid metabolism. The study, creation, and marketing of nutraceuticals and functional bioactive ingredients have attracted a lot of attention on a global scale. The consumption of plant-derived bioactive components has increased over the past 30 years due to the connection between nutrition, health, and disease. Fruits, vegetables, cereals, and other plant-derived meals contain secondary metabolites known as phytochemicals which are bioactive nutritional plant-derived molecules that may offer significant health advantages beyond basic sustenance. In addition to their cholesterol-lowering, antithrombotic, and antifungal properties, the phytochemicals have antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. They may also reduce the risk of major chronic diseases like cancer, genetic disorders, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and psychotic disorders. Nano-encapsulation is a cutting-edge technology that addresses these challenges by enhancing the delivery, stability, and bioactivity of phytonutrients. Therefore, this review explores the methods of nano-encapsulation which includes liposome encapsulation, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions and micelles, their principles, methods, and its application in optimizing the therapeutic potential of phytonutrients. Furthermore, it highlights recent advancements, current challenges, and future directions for integrating nano-encapsulation technologies into clinical and nutraceutical settings.