This narrative review highlights relationships between obesity and metabolic syndrome, suggesting advances in therapies and surgery may improve outcomes.
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are global health challenges, significantly increasing risks for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and overall mortality. This narrative review aims to discuss the relationship between obesity and metabolic syndrome; the past, present and future of anti-obesity medications including new advances in incretin-based therapies which have enabled patients to achieve significant weight loss and improvement in metabolic parameters; and the role of metabolic/bariatric surgery which remains the most effective durable treatment for severe obesity, with high remission rates of metabolic comorbidities like type 2 diabetes. Multimodal approaches involving the combination of lifestyle, medical and surgical advances will revolutionise our approach to treating obesity and metabolic syndrome in the future.
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Zarkasi et al. (2025) studied this question.
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