Methane emissions from palm oil production represent a significant environmental challenge, contributing substantially to greenhouse gas emissions. Concurrently, biomass residues generated during processing remain underutilised, presenting both an environmental concern and a resource opportunity. This research seeks to thoroughly explore current emission mitigation strategies by focusing on the integration of methane recovery and biomass valorisation within the palm oil sector. Employing a qualitative literature review methodology, this research synthesises data from over 80 peer-reviewed articles, technical reports, and policy documents sourced from reputable scientific databases. Data collection focused on studies reporting empirical findings on methane emissions, biomass availability, and technology performance relevant to palm oil production. The analysis was conducted through thematic content analysis, enabling systematic identification of trends, barriers, and technological potentials. Results indicate that methane capture technologies, such as covered anaerobic lagoons and biogas recovery systems, can reduce methane emissions by up to 80% and offset significant energy demand through combined heat and power units. Significant residues arising from palm oil processing, notably the empty fruit bunches and shells of palm kernels, remain underexploited, with utilisation rates averaging 40–50%. Advanced conversion technologies demonstrate promising efficiencies and co- benefits such as soil carbon sequestration. Integrating these approaches offers synergistic potential, with emission reductions up to 65% reported in combined systems. However, financial, regulatory, and technical challenges limit broader adoption. The study concludes that policy incentives and capacity building are essential to unlock these technologies’ full potential. Future research should focus on long- term techno-economic assessments and social acceptance studies to support large-scale implementation.
Loso Judijanto (Fri,) studied this question.