Reinforcement learning-enhanced multi-objective optimization for sustainable coal blending in thermal power plants

Coal blending in thermal power plants is a complex multi-objective challenge involving economic, operational and environmental considerations. This study presents a Q-learning-enhanced NSGA-II (QLNSGA-II) algorithm that integrates the adaptive policy optimization of Q-learning with the elitist selection of NSGA-II to dynamically adjust crossover and mutation rates based on real-time performance metrics. A physics-based objective function takes into account the thermodynamics of ash fusion and the kinetics of pollutant emission, ensuring compliance with combustion efficiency and NO x limits. Benchmark tests on the Walking Fish Group (WFG) and Unconstrained Function (UF) suites show that QLNSGA-II achieves a 12.7% improvement in Inverted Generational Distance (IGD) and a 9.3% improvement in Hypervolume (HV) compared to prevailing algorithms. Industrial validation at the Huaneng Yingkou power plant confirms a 14.7% reduction in fuel cost and a 41% reduction in slagging incidence over conventional blending methods, backed by 12 months of operational data. Other benefits include a 24.8% reduction in sulphur content, a 6.9% increase in the plant’s net heat rate and annual savings of RMB 12.3 million, 2,150 tonnes of limestone and 38,500 tonnes of CO 2 -equivalent emissions. These results highlight QLNSGA-II as a scalable, robust solution for multi-objective coal blending, offering a promising way to improve the efficiency and sustainability of coal-fired power generation.