Optimization of heat transfer efficiency of thermal stratification scenarios on the mixed convective transport past a vertical plate: Darcy-Forchheimer model

This paper aims to analyze heat transmission and thermal stratification scenarios using hybrid nanofluids. The mathematical analysis consists of thermal stratification, mixed convection, a heat source or sink, and a non-Darcy porous medium. This study focuses on the essential cooling for lithium-ion batteries by utilizing a hybrid nanofluid over a thermal conductivity plate, with a primary focus on ethylene glycol solutions. By utilizing suitable transformations, the governing equations are converted into non-linear differential equations were solved numerically. The results reveal that increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction reduces the effect of stratification. The developed data-driven model resulted that, W: EG (40:60) exhibits the heat transfer with stratification is 12.35% and without stratification is 50.85% at ϕ = 0.2% in 20 °C, For W: EG (60:40) with stratification is 17.54% and without stratification 72.29% at ϕ = 0.2% in 20 °C, and W: EG (0:100) achieve heat transfer with stratification is 14.35% and without stratification is 79.05% at ϕ = 0.2% in 25 °C. For a 5% nanoparticle volume fraction, the heat transfer rates of ND-Ag/EG hybrid nanofluids at 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C were found to be 28.65%, 31.71%, 38.73%, and 69.27%, respectively.