Induced magnetic field effects on stratified Maxwell hybrid nanofluid flow over an inclined stretching cylinder

This study investigates thermal stratification, or the formation of temperature layers, in the heat transport of a Maxwell hybrid nanofluid flowing through a stretched cylinder at an angle under an induced magnetic field. The investigation begins with an overview of mixed convective flow, where both natural and forced convection are present, in a hybrid nanofluid composed of iron oxide (Fe₂O₄) and manganese zinc ferrite (MnZnFe₃O₄) nanoparticles dispersed in motor oil. It then examines the improved thermophysical properties, such as enhanced thermal conductivity and altered viscosity, resulting from combining these nanoparticles in a viscoelastic Maxwell fluid (a type of non-Newtonian fluid that exhibits both viscous and elastic characteristics) under realistic conditions. The significance of these properties for transport processes is then highlighted. To demonstrate viscoelastic effects, such as those observed in polymer processing and bioengineering, a non-Newtonian fluid is required; induced magnetization (magnetization generated by the motion of an electrically conducting fluid in a magnetic field) accounts for the fluid's motion. The mathematical flow model is then transformed to a standard form using similarity rules (methods for simplifying and generalizing equations), enabling analysis of how various parameters affect flow phenomena. Solutions for different profiles are subsequently obtained using traditional numerical techniques, such as a fourth-order Runge-Kutta shooting method. The physical behavior of key components is illustrated via tables and graphs. Numerical results demonstrate that the heat transfer rate is boosted by approximately 15% with the incorporation of a thermal stratification parameter ( δ 1 = 0.20), which effectively stabilizes thermal layering. Furthermore, the skin friction coefficient significantly decreases by nearly 12% as the Maxwell parameter ( β 1 ) increases from 0.1 to 2.0, reflecting a substantial reduction in surface resistance due to enhanced fluid elasticity. These findings quantify the potential of Maxwell hybrid nanofluids to optimize thermal regulation in advanced industrial cooling applications.