Political Conditions in the Northern Arabian Peninsula and its Influence on the Trade of the ancient Yemen from the (4th Century BC – 2nd Century AD)

Procedures for studying the current situation in the northern Arabian Peninsula between the fourth century and the second century AD. These conditions affected the trade networks in ancient Yemen. This study used the historical research method. The study indicates that the region was located at the crossroads of ancient trade routes, making it a stage for the dominance of successive empires such as the Seleucids, Ptolemies, Romans, Parthians, and Nabataeans. These successive victories led to the conquest of the northern Arabian Peninsula by the Taurus dynasty, which led to the flourishing of the trade movement in the south (the ancient south). However, as the situation in the north deteriorated and the pomegranate took control, this led to a turbocharged shift from the land route to the maritime route via the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. The study reached the most prominent conclusions: the transformation of the eastern Indian Ocean into a maritime route via the Red Sea due to the new era and the monsoon winds. This transformation continued in the process of the economic foundations of ancient Yemeni Maliki, which was based on frankincense, forcing it to shift towards agriculture.