In an era of rapid advancements in digital technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT), cities face unprecedented challenges in managing complex operations securely and efficiently. Blockchain technology, with its core attributes of transparency, immutability, and decentralization, has emerged as a transformative force. By enabling decentralized and tamper-proof data management, blockchain provides innovative solutions to streamline city services, reduce costs, and enhance public trust. Its integration into smart city frameworks positions it as a cornerstone for sustainable urban development, especially in leading-edge initiatives like Dubai’s Smart City Strategy. Decentralization, is a technology that can satisfy these needs and is thus revolutionizing the concept of smart cities. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the use of blockchain in the transition to smart cities, detailing the specific challenges faced in the process. Furthermore, it introduces an innovative blockchain model called International Certification Layer, which significantly enhances governments' control over transactions. The paper also includes a case study of Dubai, portraying it as a successful model of this transformation due to its effective blockchain strategy.
Alketbi et al. (Mon,) studied this question.