Advanced Square Wave Voltammetric Analysis of Tipranavir at Flexible MnONPs/ITO Electrodes in Pharmaceutical and Biological Contexts

A selective and sensitive square wave voltammetric (SWV) method was developed and validated for the determination of Tipranavir (TPV) at a novel flexible manganese oxide nanoparticle modified indium tin oxide (MnONPs/ITO) electrode. TPV exhibited a clear anodic peak at +0.92 V vs. Ag/AgCl in Britton–Robinson buffer (pH 4). Complementing the electroanalytical studies, molecular orbital calculations shed light on the oxidation mechanism, which occurred through diffusion-controlled one-electron transfer at the tertiary N(29) atom. The method showed good linearity over the concentration range from 40 to 1.9µgmL-1, with detection and quantitation limits of 14.21 and 43.07 ngmL-1, respectively. The modification of the electrode was characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and impedance spectroscopy. The procedure complied with ICH guidelines in terms of acceptable precision (RSD < 2%), accuracy (98.5–101.2%), and stability. Degradation studies confirmed its stability-indicating capability with total resolution from degradation products. The method was also applied to pharmaceutical capsules and human fluids (plasma, urine) with minimal matrix effect, and statistical comparison with HPLC proved equivalent accuracy and precision (p > 0.05). The work represents the first report on the combination of SWV with computational modeling at MnONPs/ITO electrodes for TPV, offering a mechanistically understood, low-cost, and green alternative for