A Review on Critical Aspects Influencing Droplet Transfer in Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding

Abstract Laser-arc hybrid welding (LAHW), with its asymmetric heat source synergy, shows significant advantages in improving penetration and suppressing defects. This review describes several key laser-arc hybrid modes in LAHW and the fundamental concepts and characteristics of droplet transfer behavior. It focuses on analyzing the key factors affecting droplet transfer from a multi-physics coupling perspective, including force balance, process parameters, auxiliary physical fields, and material properties. Finally, in response to the shortcomings of existing models, it proposes three major directions for future research to provide theoretical support for the industrial application of this technology and to promote its wide application and development.