A Complex Network Analysis of Chinaʹs NEV Patent Collaborations Empowered by LLMs

This study employs an industry-specific patent classification methodology (ISPCM) and complex network analysis across temporal, industrial, and spatial dimensions to examine China’s new energy vehicle (NEV) patent collaboration network and uncover the mechanisms underlying China’s global ascendancy in the NEV sector. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the ISPCM and reveal a three-phase growth pattern driven by policy initiatives and market expansion. Domestic entities dominate the patent landscape, with a noticeable shift from invention patents to utility model patents, reflecting a focus on application-oriented innovation. The collaboration network exhibits small-world and scale-free properties, forming an oligopolistic structure where state-owned enterprises (SOEs) act as "innovation orchestrators," while private firms concentrate on specialized R&D. Across the industrial chain, the component segment serves as a hub, the complete vehicle segment remains relatively isolated, and the aftermarket clusters around battery recycling. A clear divide between domestic and foreign entities suggests potential decoupling risks. The findings reveal a dual-circulation innovation model that combines state-led coordinated research with market-driven independent research, offering valuable insights for sustainable industrial transformation.