Exploring the Role of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in Unani Medicine for Managing Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder marked by central obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, which collectively heighten the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Unani medicine, a traditional healing system, emphasizes holistic management through medicinal plants, among which pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.), known as Rummān , holds a prominent place. This review explores its role in managing MetS by drawing on classical Unani manuscripts, modern pharmacological research, and peer-reviewed studies. Pomegranate is rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, and hypoglycemic activities. Its fruit, seeds, and peel have been shown to reduce oxidative stress, improve lipid profiles, enhance insulin sensitivity, and support endothelial health. Traditional Unani formulations incorporating pomegranate correspond closely with these pharmacological effects, reinforcing its value for cardiovascular and metabolic wellness. The integration of pomegranate into diets and therapeutic regimens presents a promising natural approach for the prevention and management of MetS, though further rigorous clinical trials are essential to confirm its efficacy and refine its use in modern healthcare.