This chapter demonstrates new fluorescent dyes for live-cell imaging, highlighting their unique subcellular localization.
PPV, an early air-stable conjugated polymer, is widely used in organic electronics and bioimaging due to its simple structure and UV-Vis spectral properties. This chapter explores the design, synthesis, and potential applications of near-infrared two-photon fluorescent dyes derived from PPV. Small molecule dyes (HO-PPV-X) with improved water solubility and strong push-pull structures were created by modifying PPV. Three synthesized dyes, HO-PPV-3CN, HO-PPV-MePy, and HO-PPV-EtBT, showed good solubility and near-infrared fluorescence. Live-cell imaging revealed different cellular localization: HO-PPV-3CN stained cytoplasm, HO-PPV-MePy stained the whole cell, and HO-PPV-EtBT targeted the nucleus. These findings suggest potential for developing fluorescent probes and diagnostic reagents with specific subcellular localization functions, especially HO-PPV-EtBT for nuclear staining.
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Yang et al. (2025) studied this question.
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