The WD40 gene family in recretohalophyte Limonium bicolor: genomic identification and functional analysis in salt gland development and salinity tolerance

Introduction Developing salt-tolerant crops is critical for utilizing saline soils in agriculture. Limonium bicolor , a recretohalophyte with epidermal salt glands, represents a valuable genetic resource for salt tolerance engineering. Although WD40 proteins are known regulators of plant stress responses, their roles in L. bicolor remain unexplored. Methods We performed a genome-wide analysis of WD40 genes in L. bicolor , including phylogenetic classification, subcellular localization prediction, cis-element analysis, and expression profiling during salt stress. Functional validation was conducted using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Results Among 367 identified WD40 genes (distributed across all chromosomes), Subfamily 6 was the largest. Two key members (Lb1G05968 and Lb3G17197, localized in cytoplasm) showed significant involvement in salt gland development and stress tolerance, as demonstrated by VIGS-induced phenotypic defects. Discussion Our findings reveal the WD40 family's expansion in L. bicolor and its functional specialization in salt adaptation. The identified genes (e.g., Lb1G05968, Lb3G17197) provide targets for engineering salt-tolerant crops. This study establishes a foundation for further research on halophyte developmental genetics.