Investigation of Urban Squares through the Biophilic Design Approach: A Comparative Analysis of Adapazarı City Square and Train Station Square

Biophilic design is a nature-based approach that aims to strengthen the instinctive connection between individuals and nature. This study comparatively evaluates the compliance of City Square and Station Square, located in the Adapazarı district of Sakarya province, with the principles of biophilic design. Survey data based on expert opinions were statistically analysed. The results showed that Station Square has a higher biophilic potential, particularly with regard to plant diversity and natural landscape features. It also demonstrated stronger performance in indirect nature experience components, such as nature representation and design complexity. However, both squares exhibit only partial compliance. This study contributes to the evaluation of urban landscapes in light of biophilic principles, suggesting a practical framework for nature-integrated designs that enhance user comfort.