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This study determines the energy levels of p-semishadow and p-new duplicate graphs, revealing mathematical properties.
Graph is mathematical structures used to represent relationships between objects as a vertex and edge (relationship between vertices). The energy of the graph is the absolute sum of the eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix, the graph representation matrix with entries 1 and 0. This article introduces a new graph operation, p-new duplicate, and determines energy of p-semishadow and p-new duplicate.
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Shalsabilla et al. (2025) studied this question.
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