Hemophilia a with Left Knee and Elbow Hemarthrosis: A Case Report

The most significant characteristic of hemophilia A, an X-linked recessive bleeding disorders, is a deficiency of factor VIII clotting activity, which results in prolonged bleeding after wounds, tooth extractions, or operations, as well as delayed or recurring bleeding before the wound heals fully. Less than 1% latent factor activity in severe sickness results in bleeding symptoms, predominantly in the joints (hemarthrosis) but also occasionally in the muscles, soft tissues, and potentially lethal places (e.g., central nervous system), frequently without any visible injuries. This is a case of 6-year-old male child with severe hemophilia of factor VIII activity less than 1% presented with unilateral hemarthrosis of left knee and elbow. The child has a history of multiple infusions of factor VIII, despite having multiple infusions the child has shown recurring episodes of hemarthrosis. The child was indicated with replacement therapy, limb elevation, cold compression and immobility. About 80% of individuals who experience recurrent joint bleeding develop joint injury, with the knees, elbows, and ankles being the most frequently affected joints. Joint dysfunction, persistent discomfort, and a decreased quality of life are the hallmarks of hemophilic arthropathy, a debilitating illness. This case highlights the need for careful monitoring and tailored therapies to maximize outcomes for young individuals with severe hemophilia A.