Validation of the Korean Version of the Modified Differential Emotions Scale

Objectives The purpose of this study was to validate the modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES; Fredrickson, 2013) into Korean, based on a functionalist perspective, to separately assess positive and negative emotions. Methods Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted with a sample of 525 emerging adults aged 18-34. To examine convergent validity, correlation analyses were performed with related variables, and hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to assess incremental validity. Results First, the results of the exploratory factor analysis indicated that a three-factor structure-positive emotions, intrapersonal negative emotions, and relational negative emotions-was more suitable than the original scale. This finding was further supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Second, correlation analysis revealed that positive emotions were positively correlated with positive affect, positivity resonance, social connectedness, life satisfaction, and resilience. In contrast, intrapersonal and relational negative emotions were positively correlated with depression and anxiety, confirming convergent validity. Third, hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that even after controlling for PANAS variables, the mDES variables significantly predicted various outcomes, establishing its incremental validity. Conclusions This study confirmed that the Korean version of the modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) is a reliable and valid tool for assessing emotions.