What type of study is this?

This is a Panel Data Regression study.

ESG and Financial Distress: The Role of Moderation by the Cost of Debt

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Analysis shows ESG improves financial stability in firms, indicating the cost of debt moderates this relationship.

ESG performance significantly enhances firms' ability to meet interest obligations, reducing financial distress.
Stronger ESG practices positively influence interest coverage ratio, indicating better financial health.
The study applies panel data regression to analyze 655 firm-year observations from non-financial companies.
High cost of debt negatively impacts the benefits of ESG, highlighting the importance of financial structure.

Muhammad Onto Kusumo (2025) studied this question.

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