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This is a Literature Review study.

The immunopathology of keratoconus: tear film biomarkers and immune pathways

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Review highlights immune dysregulation and tear film biomarkers in keratoconus, suggesting targeted therapies for progression.

Keratinocyte-specific immune dysregulation drives keratoconus progression through inflammation and genetic factors.
Elevated tear levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and other biomarkers indicate chronic inflammation associated with keratoconus.
Screening for keratoconus in adolescents with allergic disorders is crucial for timely diagnosis and prevention of vision loss.
Precision medicine advances offer potential for more effective treatments that can halt keratoconus progression.

Lombardo et al. (2025) studied this question.

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