Abstract This article investigates questions and concerns about the embedding of cultural and individual programmer biases into music programming languages (MPLs) and music software. A key contention is that MPLs and music software are extensions of natural language and thus inherit and transmit the cultural biases about music that are entrenched there, constraining one’s potential to explore music beyond conventional norms. Recent research is cited that shows there are indeed such effects on users. The primary source of insight into these biases and effects, however, comes from interviews with the developers of such technologies as Supercollider, ChucK, Max, and Kyma, whose responses constitute the bulk of this article. Although there is general agreement about the embedding and transmission of biases, the responses reveal different, compelling insights about this issue that should provide revelatory knowledge to developers and users of music technology alike. The interviews provide fertile ground for further reflection and analysis—especially about the need for greater openness in design and mutual exchange between developers and the communities they serve.
Andrew Telichan-Phillips (2025) studied this question.