Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Peel Extract on Pb-induced Fibroblast Cells

Background: Salacca zalacca is a plant indigenous to Indonesia that consists of skin, pulp, and seed. The skin of S . zalacca , typically disposed of as waste, displays antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities. Objectives: Our study examined the impact of S . zalacca peel extract (SPE) on Pb-induced fibroblast cells, specifically exploring its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-necrosis properties. Methods: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, necrotic and live cell populations were measured using flow cytometry, while COX-2 and COL-3 gene expressions were analyzed using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in Pb-induced fibroblast cells treated with SPE. Results: SPE treatment enhanced SOD activity, with 25 μg/mL showing the highest increase (13.46 U/mL) compared to other treatments. SPE at 100 and 25 μg/mL similarly reduced necrotic cells and increased live cell populations. SPE treatment decreased COX-2 gene expression, with the 25 µg/mL dose showing the most significant reduction. This dose also increased COL-3 gene expression in the Pb-induced fibroblast cell model. Conclusions: The present study reveals that SPE has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potency, decreases necrotic cells, and increases COL-3.