Optimizing Titania-supported iron catalysts for high-performance FT-CO₂ conversion

The conversion of CO 2 into liquid fuel presents a highly valuable strategy for reducing atmospheric CO 2 levels. This study investigates the effect of TiO 2 support integration methods on the performance of monometallic and bimetallic Fe-based catalysts for direct CO 2 -to-liquid fuel conversion. Four integration techniques—Impregnation (I), Ultrasonication (U), Powder Mixing (G), and Granular Mixing (GM)—were evaluated. At atmospheric pressure, FeOTi_U and FeOTi_G showed improved CO 2 adsorption and higher selectivity toward C 5 –C 10 hydrocarbons. Under 10 bar, FeOTi_G achieved 40% selectivity for C 5 –C 10 , though with moderate CO 2 conversion (36%). Cobalt incorporation enhanced CO 2 activation but reduced performance when introduced via impregnation due to pore blockage. The FeCoTi_GM catalyst delivered the best results, with 62% CO 2 conversion and 33% selectivity to liquid fuels at 20 bar. These findings demonstrate the importance of support integration strategy in optimizing catalyst efficiency for CO 2 utilization.