3D printed hydroxyapatite-collagen from tilapia skin scaffolds for bone tissue engineering proposals

Bone possesses an inherent capacity for healing fractures, thereby restoring tissue structure and biomechanical properties. However, conditions such as osteoporosis, tumors, and infections can hinder and prolong the healing process, resulting in non-union fractures. Biomaterials, notably hydroxyapatite (HA) and collagen (Col), play a pivotal role in fracture treatment by fostering bone cell differentiation and new bone formation. HA mimics bone mineral components, while Col represents the organic matrix. Biomimetic scaffolds combining HA/Col, particularly utilizing natural collagen-like that sourced from fish, have garnered attention for their demonstrated osteogenic and angiogenic potential. Additionally, advancements in 3D printing technology enable the fabrication of scaffolds with interconnected pores. This study evaluates the physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of 3D-printed HA and HA/COL scaffolds. Scanning electron microscopy shows uniformity in HA scaffolds and a fibrous appearance in HA/COL scaffolds. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy distinguishes characteristic peaks of HA and COL. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy reveals varying calcium/phosphate ratios. Over 21 days, mass loss rates, pH, and swelling ratios differ between scaffold types. MTT assay results demonstrate increased cell viability and non-cytotoxicity in HA and HA/COL scaffolds compared to controls, indicating the promise of HA/COL scaffolds for bone regeneration.