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September 10, 2025ForestsOpen Access

Climate Change Mitigation ODA Improved the Human Development Index but Had a Limited Impact on Greenhouse Gas Mitigation

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Authors

HYHyunyoung YangJCJeongyeon ChaeECEunho Choi

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Overview

Observational analysis showed climate change mitigation ODA improved HDI in developing countries, suggesting its limited effect on GHG emissions.

Key Points

  • Climate change mitigation ODA improved the human development index significantly.
  • The instrumental variable–fixed effect approach revealed no overall impact on greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Low-income countries benefited more from ODA in both HDI improvement and fossil fuel GHG emission reduction.
  • Current strategies for ODA addressing land use change and forestry-related emissions need reconsideration.

Cite This Study

Yang et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/68c1a90c54b1d3bfb60e253ahttps://doi.org/10.3390/f16081247
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