From Calculi to Infection: A Comprehensive Review of the Dual Burden of Kidney Stones and UTIs

Infection in the urinary tract and stones in the kidney are common, frequently linked illnesses that have a big impact on public health. With an emphasis on the cyclical relationship between recurring infections and stone development, this review offers a thorough examination of the pharmacological and clinical aspects of the relation between kidney stones and UTIs. The composition of kidney stones, such as calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite, is categorized in the article. Special attention is paid to infection-related stones, such as struvite, which are directly linked to chronic.UTIs caused by urease-producing bacteria, such as Klebsiellapneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis.We examine factors that increase risk such as urinary stasis, metabolic diseases, dehydration, anatomical anomalies, and recurrent catheterization that are linked to both UTIs and stone formation.The pathophysiological processes are thoroughly investigated, with special attention paid to how urease activity and bacterial biofilms contribute to urine's alkalinization, which causes crystallization and the formation of stones.Pharmacological treatments including antibiotics, urease inhibiting agents, and citrate therapy are highlighted in the discussion of treatment choices, along with surgical possibilities like lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Preventive actions aimed at reducing infection and stone.This review emphasizes how crucial it is to diagnose and treat individuals with recurring kidney stones and UTIs using an integrated, multidisciplinary strategy. Preventing the infection-stone cycle and enhancing patient outcomes require early discovery, precise classification, and specialized pharmaceutical therapy