Design of dry electrodes and impedance variations across different electrostimulation modalities

In electrostimulation applications, the role of dry-textile electrode is significant as compared to customary electrodes. It has vast demand due to their flexibility, breathability and its coherent integration to wearable medical devices. The use of electrostimulation to enhance the muscular structure and function is not a new idea; however, the introduction of dry textile electrodes can enhance the efficiency of the process. The review explores the different types of electrodes, mainly dry textile electrodes, its fabrication and performance across different modalities. The main focus includes the role of impedance across different electrode characterization, parameters of skin-electrodes contact point impedance and the operating devices with their operating system. A comprehensive review has been compiled to analyze various types of textile electrodes to determine their efficacy in different therapeutic modalities. The results suggest that different types of electrodes work different in various kind of modalities. It also concludes that sustainable conductive textile electrodes are considered a novel approach that can replace traditional metal or graphite electrodes. Moreover, it also suggests that the three-lead method provide the best way to evaluate the impedance across the electrode, excluding all remaining symmetric impedance of body. This review also highlights the sustainability and biocompatibility of dry textile electrodes and their potential to improve the patient’s comfort in electrostimulation therapies.