Analysis reveals systematic killings and extreme brutality in Kars and Smyrna, highlighting anti-Armenian policies.
The article presents and analyzes the anti-Armenian policies of the Turkish military and political leadership in Kars (1920-1921) and Smyrna (1922). The systematic killings of the unarmed population were marked by extreme brutality, including mass rapes and ritualized murders. Data is combined from ethnographic fieldwork, materials from the National Archives of Armenia, memoirs, andmanuscript records from the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute.
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Martoyan et al. (2025) studied this question.
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