Environmental policy in agricultural landscapes: The need for balancing ecosystem health and biodiversity conservation

Abstract Agricultural ecosystems are increasingly shaped by the introduction of intersectional environmental policies, many of which are designed to address pertinent issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss and sustainable resource use. However, these policies can come into conflict with one another, creating unintended consequences for biodiversity and land management. This research examines the current policy landscape in European agriculture, focusing on the ways in which directives aimed at environmental improvements, such as nitrogen management and biofuel production, can inadvertently impact biodiversity conservation goals. Drawing on recent case studies, this paper explores how new policies can interact with existing strategies and we examine the outcomes for nature, stakeholders and policymakers. A recurring theme across our case studies is the need for tailored, site‐specific longitudinal research to unravel the complexities of policy conflicts and pave the way for innovative, evidence‐based, synergistic solutions that promote sustainable agricultural productivity, biodiversity conservation and environmental health. This research emphasises the need for comprehensive research programmes to guide future policymaking, such that research is undertaken to support novel policy, ensuring that environmental goals are met without compromising biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes. Practical Implication . Cross‐cutting policies may become increasingly common in the future of agricultural sustainability; therefore, it is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to fully understand the potential impacts (synergies and trade‐offs) of implemented measures. Through collecting the necessary data, policymakers, scientists and stakeholders can collectively make informed decisions and effectively address potential conflicts in an evidence‐based manner. Adopting evidence‐based decision‐making frameworks is crucial to ensuring that agricultural policies are both effective and adaptable. Without rigorous, empirical assessments of policy impacts, interventions risk producing unintended consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem health.