Community Residents’ Preparedness for Volcanic Eruptions: An Integrated Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) framework

This study investigates the determinants of community preparedness for volcanic eruptions in Batangas ‎using an integrated Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) framework. Employing a mixed-methods design, the ‎research combined a structured survey and focus group discussions to assess the roles of hazard knowledge, media ‎reliance, risk perception, subjective norm, attitude, and perceived behavioral control among residents, barangay ‎officials, and disaster risk reduction officers. Stratified sampling ensured representation across high-risk and ‎vulnerable groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, SEM, and thematic analysis. Results revealed ‎that subjective norm (β = 0.59), perceived risk proximity (β = 0.63), and media reliance (β = 0.57) were the strongest ‎predictors of preparedness, while hazard knowledge alone was insufficient to drive action without supportive ‎community structures and resources. Notably, preparedness levels were higher among residents with strong social ‎networks and frequent engagement with official risk communication channels. However, gaps in resource access ‎and persistent misinformation on social media hindered effective preparedness, particularly among marginalized ‎groups. The study proposes a multi-channel, community-driven disaster risk reduction framework and the ‎development of the "Bantay Bulkan Para sa Mamamayan" toolkit to enhance capacity-building, information ‎verification, and inclusive preparedness strategies.