Turnip-waste derived nanoarchitectonic engineering and multi-heteroatom doping carbon for advanced EDL-supercapacitors

Recently, bio-organic natural-doped porous carbon has gained attention for its excellent properties and easy synthesis, particularly in supercapacitor applications. In the realm of supercapacitor applications, natural-doped porous carbon derived from biomass decisively outperforms synthetic doped nanomaterials in terms of capacitive performance and durability. This study focuses on creating multi-heteroatom-doped nanoarchitectonic carbon from turnip waste (BACOPS-x) for high-performance symmetric supercapacitors. Using a zinc chloride catalyst and high-temperature pyrolysis, we synthesized these materials while ensuring conductivity without external binders. The inclusion of sulfur (0.31%), phosphorus (0.53%), and oxygen (23.37%) elements significantly improves the pseudocapacitive properties. The BACOPS-x achieved a maximum porosity of 648.695 m²/g with a micro-to-meso porous ratio of 2:1 and displayed nanofiber-enrich. The optimized symmetric working electrode delivered a maximum specific capacitance of 218 F/g at 1 A/g in an acidic electrolyte. The materials also showed impressive capacitive retention of 78% at 10 A/g, high electrical conductivity, and delivered an energy density of 24.87 Wh/kg and a power density of 712.65 kW/kg. Overall, these synthesized nanoarchitectonic carbon natural-doped represent a major advancement in energy storage technology.