Simulations of Temperature and Wind Speed Contours and Vectors for Thermal Comfort Analysis in Worship Spaces

Thermal comfort in tropical worship spaces is a critical aspect of sustainable design, particularly in densely populated urban centers. This study investigates the thermal environment of the Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Indonesia, a landmark with significant cultural and architectural value, to assess how traditional design strategies contribute to indoor environmental quality. The purpose of the research is to analyze temperature and wind speed distribution patterns within the mosque using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations, aiming to evaluate its effectiveness in achieving thermal comfort under tropical conditions. The study integrates simulation data with literature on sustainable architectural practices to contextualize the findings. The CFD analysis reveals that the mosque’s passive design effectively maintains internal wind speeds between 1-3 m/s and temperatures ranging from 22-30°C, even when external daytime temperatures peak at 29.6°C. Airflow enters through large main entrances and side vents, while the dome structure enhances vertical ventilation. These results reflect traditional Acehnese design principles, such as elevated floors and strategic openings, which naturally facilitate cross-ventilation and thermal regulation. The study concludes that integrating CFD with Geographic Information System (GIS) data can significantly enhance the accuracy of thermal comfort assessments, especially in mitigating urban heat island effects. Design interventions, like insulated materials, hybrid ventilation, and green infrastructure are proposed for broader application. Revising the thermal comfort standards for tropical climates and pursuing multidisciplinary, data-driven design approaches are essential for future development. This research supports the potential of culturally rooted, passive design strategies in creating thermally comfortable and sustainable worship environments.