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The influence of word co-occurrence frequency on predictive processing in first and second languages: A webcam-based eye-tracking study

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Higher co-occurrence frequency enhanced predictive processing speed for L1-Korean speakers, improving their predictions.
L2-Korean learners benefitted from higher frequency co-occurrence, which improved their online predictive abilities.
Advanced L2-Korean learners could make predictions irrespective of co-occurrence frequency, showcasing a proficiency effect.
Findings indicate that predictive mechanisms in both languages operate similarly, shedding light on language processing.

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Webcam-based eye-tracking reveals that co-occurrence frequency affects predictive processing in both L1 and L2 speakers.

Hwang et al. (2025) studied this question.

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