The Scope of 4D Printing in Endodontics

Three-dimensional printing has revolutionized modern dentistry by enabling personalized, digitally driven procedures. However, its static constructs fail to mimic the dynamic behavior of oral tissues. Four-dimensional printing-an evolution of 3D technology-introduces time-responsive smart materials that can change shape or function in response to external stimuli. This narrative review explores the progression from three-dimensional to four-dimensional printing, highlighting the potential applications of 4D technology in endodontics. Emphasis is placed on how four-dimensional printing may address current limitations in regenerative endodontic scaffolds, intracanal drug delivery, and adaptive obturation systems. Given the lack of direct clinical implementation, this review outlines the theoretical and experimental scope of 4D printing in endodontics.