Monitoring the Tigris River Meander Pollutants by Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques

Water is the secret of life on Earth, along with other elements. Although it is a natural component, it has been exposed to pollutants, some of which are natural and others resulting from various human activities. This has reduced water quality and exposed diverse environmental habitats to danger and extinction. Preserving biodiversity in Baghdad and identifying and diagnosing primary pollutants that reduce the quality of Tigris River water have become priorities to preserve future sustainability goals for biodiversity. The study area chosen was the Tigris River in Baghdad, which contains bends where the water is almost still. and which form colonies of pollutants that affect biological nature over time, whether on the edges of the cliff that contain shallow waters that have affected the pollution of the cliff soils over time or deep waters in which the water is almost static and which have been affected by the erosion of the polluted cliff soils, which in turn has affected the surface algae and the rest of the existing plants. The data of the satellite and ASTAR sensors were used, with a spatial accuracy of 30 meters, to detect pollutants from heavy elements and other parameters that affect the quality of water. The data was processed and managed with the Arc Gis 10.8 software package. The results were: The Cr sites in wet and dry seasons range from 0.012 to 0.306, 0.012 to 0.0399, 0.012 to 0.0325, and 0.012 to 0.0324, respectively. In the wet and dry seasons, the zinc sites exhibit a range of 0.124 to 0.071, 0.124 to 0.0893, 0.124 to 0.0723, and 0.124 to 0.086, respectively. Nickel concentrations at Site 1 varied from 0.024 to 0.0888 during the wet season, decreasing to 0.02 to 0.0245 in the dry season. In the Al-Atifiya area, levels remained stable at 0.024 to 0.0327 across both seasons. The bridge showed fluctuations, with values of 0.024 to 0.0297 in the wet season and 0.02 to 0.0206 in the dry. As lead at site 1, concentrations range from 0.01 to 0.0362 in wet conditions and 0.0101 to 0.0399 in dry conditions. Site 2 shows values from 0.0101 to 0.0319 in wet conditions and 0.0103 to 0.0369 in dry conditions. Site 3 has concentrations ranging from 0.0101 to 0.0319 in wet conditions. The NDTI values at four sites range from −0.0191 to 0.16 in the wet season and −0.0665 to 0.181 in the dry season, with the highest values recorded at site 1 and the lowest at site 2.The MPI values at four sites range from −0.0605 to 0.261 in the wet season and −0.023 to 0.23 in the dry season, with the highest values recorded at site 4 and the lowest at site 1.