Comparison of geopark management systems and development strategies in China and Russia

Geoparks are special areas combining geological and geomorphological features with cultural and environmental components such as geotourism, scientific and educational activities, and local economic development. This research adopts a comparative case study methodology to analyze the management structures, geotourism strategies and conservation outcomes of geoparks in China and Russia, two countries with contrasting political, cultural and environmental contexts. By examining historical trajectories, policy architectures and socio-economic dynamics, the paper identifies systemic similarities, such as the integration of geoparks into UNESCO Global Geopark networks, and key differences, including the centralized, state-led management model in China compared to the decentralized, regionally adaptive approach in Russia. While China’s top-down management system delivers rapid infrastructure development and standardized conservation practices, it faces challenges of over-commercialization and environmental fragmentation. In contrast, Russian geoparks benefit from local decision-making but face funding inconsistencies. Comparing the geoturism and geopark systems in China and Russia the paper describes best practices and lessons learned that can be applied to enhance geoturism and conservation efforts in both countries.