Demonstration of 97 fJ bit−1 energy efficiency in single mode VCSELs over 100 meters, highlighting advances in optical interconnect design.
Record energy efficiency of 97 fJ bit −1 of 940 nm single mode VCSELs for four level pulse amplitude modulation at 100 Gbps across 100 meters of OM5 multimode lensed fiber at 25 °C is demonstrated. This value is, to the best of our knowledge, the best energy efficiency at such large modulation rates and distances reported in literature so far. As compared to previous VCSEL designs of us, the number and the design of the mirrors and quantum wells are optimized and the peak gain/ distributed Bragg reflectors max transmission is set to −15 nm. Employing these VCSELs in next generation data centers will reduce considerably their power budget, which is controlled by the energy efficiency of the optical interconnects.
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Derebezov et al. (2025) studied this question.
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