The application of monoglycerides in swine husbandry: A review of current trends and prospects

The increasing prevalence of multi-resistant strains due to the widespread use of antibiotics in livestock farming represents a critical risk factor for both humans and animals. Therefore, the development of alternative strategies to replace antibiotics in animal production systems remains an urgent challenge. Various bioactive compounds have been proposed as alternatives; however, most fail to achieve efficacy comparable to that of antibiotics. The present review aimed to analyse recent studies regarding the effects and mechanisms of action of fatty acids and their glycerides on the digestive system of production animals. Mixtures of individual fatty acids and monoglycerides are considered promising substitutes due to their broadspectrum antimicrobial, antiviral, anti inflammatory and metabolic effects. A key benefit of such mixtures is the maintenance of barrier integrity and immune function in the pig intestine under intensive farming conditions. Despite notable progress in the study of individual bioactive agents aimed at supporting pig productivity in the post antibiotic era, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of balanced blends of fatty acids and glycerides remain unclear. Recent evidence suggested that monoglycerides enhance resistance to infections, reduce mortality, and support consistent productivity in systems with limited antibiotic use. Reported findings indicated that individual monoglycerides improve intestinal morphology and enhance nutrient absorption efficiency. A significant aspect of their protective function is their ability to modulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota by selectively inhibiting the growth of pathogenic taxa. This review provided an overview of the key antimicrobial effects of monoglycerides. Collectively, these properties support the formulation of a scientifically grounded concept for entirely antibiotic-free livestock production. This concept may serve as an effective strategy for promoting sustainable pork production in line with modern standards. The review contributed to the understanding of both the limitations and potential of fatty acids and glycerides as alternatives to antibiotics