Non-volant mammals of Jaru Biological Reserve, Rondônia, Amazon, Brazil

The Amazon is recognized as the largest tropical forest worldwide, being the most biodiverse wildland. However, in several regions of this biome, there are gaps in knowledge about the geographic distribution of the species, described as a Wallacean shortfall. Here, we describe gathered data on the occurrence of mammals recorded in the Amazonian Jaru Biological Reserve, Rondônia, Brazil. Our data is based on the combination of two methodologies over a six-year period, from 2016 to 2022, amounting to 490 km of line-transect censuses and 270 days of camera-trap. The study reveals the significant importance of the reserve, harboring 43 taxa of non-flying mammals, representing over 20% of the species recorded for the state of Rondônia. We highlight the presence of endangered species and emphasize the relevance of the Jaru Biological Reserve as a crucial enclave for biodiversity conservation. Additionally, we discuss the complementarity of different sampling methodologies and address challenges and strategies for the ongoing biodiversity protection in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures in this portion of the Amazon, which are causing significant reductions in diversity.