Observational analysis unveils capillary rise in submerged tubes, suggesting dynamics of air bubble exit.
Underwater capillary tubes fill rapidly with the surrounding liquid. Capillary and hydrostatic pressures push the liquid into the tube, causing the air to exit as bubbles at the other end. We study the natural filling process of a vertical capillary tube immersed in water during several bubble formation events. A theoretical model is proposed that captures the dynamics of the meniscus inside the capillary tube as it fills with water. We find good agreement with the experimental data that describe this special case of spontaneous flow using a dynamic contact angle model based on molecular kinetic theory.
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Plopeanu et al. (2025) studied this question.
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