Meso-level organisational perspective for health policy to improve resilience among healthcare workers: evidence from a scoping review

Recent financial, environmental, and health crises have underscored the critical-but often overlooked-role of healthcare workers (HCWs) for health system resilience. Given the ongoing physical and psychological demands placed on this workforce, understanding the factors that influence their resilience is essential. This scoping review aimed to map and synthesise multidisciplinary evidence on meso-level organisational factors that influence individual resilience among HCWs. Specifically, we focused on identifying workplace-related risk and protective factors within the immediate organisational environment. A scoping review was conducted across multidisciplinary literature, targeting studies that examined individual resilience outcomes in relation to meso-level workplace factors. This approach allowed for the inclusion of diverse study designs and disciplinary perspectives relevant to the research question. A total of 66 studies met the inclusion criteria. The analysis highlighted the importance of intermediate organisational factors-such as job characteristics and empowerment, interpersonal dynamics (e.g., team cohesion, supervisory support), and psychosocial workplace conditions-in shaping HCW resilience. Although resilience is often viewed as an individual trait, this review demonstrates the critical role of meso-level organisational environments in fostering and sustaining HCW resilience. The findings support the need for policies and interventions that strengthen team functioning and workplace climate. Future research should focus on operationalising these insights into actionable strategies that bridge individual and systemic approaches to workforce resilience.