Challenges and prospects of large-scale underground compressed air energy storage in salt cavern

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) in salt caverns has emerged as a promising solution for achieving large-scale, long-term energy storage to support energy system transformation and carbon neutrality goals. Despite its advantages of low cost, large capacity, and high safety, the development of CAES technology still faces significant challenges that hinder its widespread implementation. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the challenges and future prospects of large-scale underground CAES in salt caverns, with a focus on the context of China. Relevant literature from the Web of Science database is analyzed using CiteSpace for scientific knowledge mapping and visualization. The current status of CAES applications worldwide is first presented, emphasizing the characteristics and suitability of CAES. The paper then examines the scientific output, research hotspots, and emerging trends in underground CAES. Finally, development recommendations are proposed to enhance CAES capacity, promoting a transition to a low-carbon energy system through scientific and technological advancements.