Indian Medicinal Leech Species: A Comprehensive Review of Identification, Habitat, and Geographical Distribution

Hirudotherapy, commonly known as medicinal leech therapy, has a long history of practice in diverse traditional medicinal systems, including Ayurveda, where it is referred to as Jaloukavacharana. Initially, leech species were identified as Hirudo medicinalis; however, with the advancement of taxonomical classification, newer species have been distinguished and characterized. India boasts a rich diversity of leech species with promising potential for medicinal applications. This study critically examines the existing literature on Indian medicinal leech species and endeavors to provide a comprehensive overview of these organisms, elucidating their identification features, distinguishing characteristics, preferred habitats, and geographical distribution. Following this review, a field survey was conducted on medicinal leeches collected from various Ayurvedic institutions to identify specific species present. The survey findings indicate that the most dominant species in these collections was Hirudinaria manillensis. A thorough understanding of the diversity among medicinal leech species is essential for both researchers and practitioners, enabling a more precise evaluation of their potential applications in medical practice.