This paper explores the connection between labour market inequities, informal migration, and the rise of human smuggling networks, focusing on economic push factors driving irregular migration. Survey data from 500 migrants reveals unemployment (rated 4. 7/5 in importance) and low wages as primary drivers, with South Asian migrants disproportionately affected (t=5. 2, p<0. 001). The study finds a strong correlation (r=0. 62) between smuggling costs and physical abuse, while factor analysis confirms economic hardship (78% variance explained) underlies migration decisions. Structural equation modelling demonstrates how labour inequities lead to smuggling (β=0. 72) and subsequent exploitation (β=0. 58). Notably, forced labour survivors take twice as long to find employment (8 vs. 4 months, χ²=15. 3). Despite known risks, 30% used smugglers due to lack of alternatives, paying exorbitant fees (transportation=1200, bribes=1000) that increased vulnerability. 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Ullah et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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