Occurrence of UV filter molecules in Paramuricea clavata and the role of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in the Ligurian Sea, Italy

The marine environment and its vital biodiversity are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pollution, particularly UV filter compounds in sunscreen formulations. These contaminants enter coastal waters directly through recreational activities or indirectly via wastewater, posing ecological risks, especially in densely populated or touristic regions. Despite several studies documenting the adverse effects of UV filters on marine life, including anthozoans with enhanced coral bleaching, impaired reproduction, and increased oxidative stress, research in the Mediterranean region remains limited. This study investigates the occurrence of UV filters in Paramuricea clavata within and outside the Portofino Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Findings confirm the potential for bioaccumulation of oxybenzone in P. clavata , possibly influenced by environmental conditions, with higher contaminant levels outside the MPA, highlighting the potential protective role of MPAs in mitigating bioaccumulation. Although overall low concentrations were detected, results indicate potential bioaccumulation and environmental persistence of oxybenzone and octinoxate, suggesting the need for further research to understand their long-term residency and impact on marine ecosystems.