Sustainable Geotechnics: A Review of the Integration of Technology, Material Innovation, and Socio-Economic Evaluation for Resilient Infrastructure

Rapid urbanization and climate change pose significant challenges to conventional geotechnical practices, prompting the adoption of a sustainable geotechnical paradigm that integrates technical, environmental, social, and economic aspects into infrastructure planning. This article aims to examine the implementation, technological innovations, and socio-economic impacts of sustainable geotechnics amidst global demands. By using a qualitative literature review approach, approximately 60 selected scientific articles from publications between 2015 and 2025 are analyzed in depth to gain critical insights into related trends, techniques, and policies.The study results indicate that the integration of digital technology such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) has improved project monitoring efficiency and supported data-driven decision making. Material innovations, such as the use of geopolymer from industrial waste, and the application of the reduce, reuse, recycle (3R) principles, have proven to significantly reduce carbon emissions and construction waste. Bioengineering and bioremediation approaches have also shown effectiveness in soil recovery and erosion control. The implementation of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and geological carbon sequestration technology further strengthens the contribution of geotechnics to sustainable development targets and climate change mitigation. Sustainable geotechnics has opened up opportunities for the creation of quality jobs and promoted a green economy